Nose-horned Viper

A small to medium-sized, heavy-bodied viper typically measuring 16–24 inches (40–61 cm) in total length, with females occasionally exceeding 28 inches (71 cm). Body is robust with a broad, flattened head distinctly set off from the neck. The most distinctive feature is a prominent, horn-like rostral appendage on the snout, composed of 9–21 keeled scales, which is more pronounced in males than females. Dorsal coloration is highly variable, ranging from gray, tan, yellowish, brown, or reddish to nearly black, typically overlaid with a series of dark brown to black zigzag or saw-tooth-shaped crossbands running the length of the body. A pale vertebral stripe or series of pale spots may be present along the midline. The head is usually distinctly marked with a dark stripe running from the eye backward. Scales are strongly keeled, giving the body a rough, textured appearance. Vertical pupils and prominent loreal pits are present. Ventral surface is yellowish-tan to gray, often with dark mottling or blotching. Juveniles resemble adults but typically exhibit more contrasting coloration and patterning. Inhabits rocky hillsides, limestone karst terrain, dry scrublands, and sparse Mediterranean vegetation, often found among leaf litter, rocks, and fallen branches. Diet consists primarily of small mammals, lizards, and occasionally birds, subdued via envenomation.